Principles and Practice of Management (PPM)

EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT

1. Classical Theories:

Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor):

Focused on improving worker efficiency

Time and motion studies, standardization of work

Differential piece rate system

Administrative Theory (Henri Fayol):

Introduced 14 principles of management

Emphasized organizational structure and administrative functions

Bureaucracy (Max Weber):

Emphasized rules, hierarchy, and formal authority

Promoted merit-based selection

2. Behavioral Theories:

Elton Mayo (Hawthorne Studies):

Emphasized human relations and employee well-being

Found that social and psychological factors affect productivity

3. Modern Approaches:

Systems Approach:

Organization as a system with interrelated parts

Contingency Approach:

Management depends on the situation

Quantitative Approach:

Uses statistics and mathematical models in decision making