Principles and Practice of Management (PPM)

1. Introduction To PPM

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT

Definition of Management: Management is the process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling organizational resources efficiently and effectively to achieve specific goals.

Characteristics of Management:

Goal-oriented: Focused on achieving organizational objectives.

Universal: Applicable to all types of organizations.

Continuous Process: Ongoing series of functions.

Multidisciplinary: Uses knowledge from economics, psychology, sociology, etc.

Group Activity: Involves coordination of people.

Intangible: Cannot be seen but felt through results.

Importance of Management:

Achieves organizational goals

Increases efficiency and productivity

Improves employee performance and satisfaction

Facilitates growth and innovation

Encourages teamwork

2. Evolution of Mnagement Thought

EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT

1. Classical Theories:

Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor):

Focused on improving worker efficiency

Time and motion studies, standardization of work

Differential piece rate system

Administrative Theory (Henri Fayol):

Introduced 14 principles of management

Emphasized organizational structure and administrative functions

Bureaucracy (Max Weber):

Emphasized rules, hierarchy, and formal authority

Promoted merit-based selection

2. Behavioral Theories:

Elton Mayo (Hawthorne Studies):

Emphasized human relations and employee well-being

Found that social and psychological factors affect productivity

3. Modern Approaches:

Systems Approach:

Organization as a system with interrelated parts

Contingency Approach:

Management depends on the situation

Quantitative Approach:

Uses statistics and mathematical models in decision making

3. FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT

1. Planning:

Deciding in advance what to do, when, how, and by whom

Involves goal setting, strategy formation, and outlining tasks

2. Organizing:

Arranging resources to implement the plan

Involves creating a structure of roles and responsibilities

3. Staffing:

Recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees

Ensures the right person is in the right job

4. Directing (Leading):

Guiding and motivating employees to achieve goals

Includes supervision, communication, leadership, and motivation

5. Controlling:

Monitoring and evaluating performance against standards

Taking corrective actions where needed